Understanding Mary Stuarts life is essential when recognizing the historical narrative that followed her. This post will utilize John Guy's biography Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart as well as Susan Doran's biography Mary Queen of Scots: An Illustrated Life. Both biographies accurately assess Mary Stuart's life but in different ways. Guy's biography is older and more extensive. Doran's biography, however, is much newer and integrates primary source images to display Mary Stuart.
Early Life In Scotland (1542-1548)
On December 8th, 1542, Marie de Guise -- James V of Scotland's second wife -- gave birth to Mary Stuart in Linlithgow Palace. Marie de Guise had worried about her daughters survival as her last two children, both sons, had died almost simultaneously. But Mary Stuart's birth would later be coined a "turning point in history." Two weeks prior, on 24 of November, Scotland's forces were crushed at the hands of the English at Solway Moss by the River Esk and "around 1200 were taken prisoner, including 23 important nobles and lairds."¹ The English and the Scottish had a long history of hostilities, which would later greatly affect Mary Stuart's own life. A week after her birth and baptism to the Catholic faith, James V of Scotland died -- leaving Mary, now Queen of Scots, to reign over her country at just six days old. As a child, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran was appointed Governor of Scotland to handle kingdom affairs until Mary grew old enough to reign on her own. ² The English continued their attempt to gain power as Henry VIII sought to arrange a match between Mary Stuart and his son, Prince Edward. This marriage would "enhance England's security and bolster Henry's prestige" and "prevent Mary -- and Scotland -- from falling into the hands of another European dynasty." ³ Governor Arran had no choice but to agree to Henry VIII plans to avoid a war and the Treaties of Greenwich were created. Mary Stuart would marry Prince Edward and remain in Scotland until she was 10. However, Mary's mother had other plans. Marie de Guise's suspicions to Governor Arran were growing as Marie de Guise sought to remain loyal to the Catholic French dynasty, not the English Protestants. As a result, Marie de Guise organized a plan to to move Mary from Linlithgow and to the fortress of Stirling which offered an environment for Marie de Guise to form alliances with the France.⁴ Soon after, Mary's coronation took place from Sitling and was officially crowned Queen of Scotland. This event held extreme significance. The coronation was a ritual known to church and state and symbolized a religious and civil legitimacy in Mary Stuart as reigning queen, ultimately rejecting the English monarch. ⁵ Over the next several years, Mary's mother continued to reign on her behalf and actively strengthened the alliance between Scotland and France. In January 1548, Governor Arran and Marie de Guise organized an agreement with Henri II -- now King of France -- to a political alliance that allowed French military aid against the English in exchange for Mary's hand to the king's heir, Francois. ⁶ Mary, Queen of Scots, was then sent to France to live out her childhood.
Life in France (1548-1560)
Image: Mary and Francis in Catherine de' Medici's book of hours, c. 1558.
Mary Stuart lived in France for the next thirteen years of her life with her infamous ladies-in-waiting, the four Maries. Mary was often the favorite of to everyone at court. She is described as not being very scholarly, but had a love for poetry and music -- even learning to play the lute, cittern harp, and harpsichord -- and was excellent at embroidery. ⁷ Despite residing in France, she was not allowed to forget her Scottish roots and frequently practiced the Scottish language, and was continually informed of Scotland's current events by her mother. Her governess, Lady Fleming, a fluent French speaker who had married a Scot, was Mary's guide and trusted friend. However, Lady Fleming and King Henri II developed an affair that soon caused Lady Fleming to become pregnant. Lady Fleming was dismissed and replaced by Madame de Parois, who she found less than agreeable.⁸ By 1553, Henri II informed the Governor of Scotland, Arran, that Mary had chosen her mother to be regent instead of him. This was significant because Henri feared that Arran would abandon the French alliance to form a new one with the new English queen -- Margaret Tudor. ⁹ By the beginning of January 1554, Mary Stuart was independently established and moved into her own household. She resided there for the next three years, and by 1557, Henri decided it was time for Francois and Mary to officially wed. On Sunday, April 24, 1558, the wedding was held at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in the center of Paris. Henri viewed this union as an emergence of the British Isles to the French Empire and "Scotland and England were to be the provinces that France had subjugated by the dauphin's (king's heir) union with Mary." ¹⁰ Much like many women in the sixteenth century, Mary was a pawn to monarchical politics, which would continue through the rest of her life. Months later, trouble began with the death of Mary Tudor in November 1558 and the succession of Queen Elizabeth I to the Protestant English throne. This would mark the start of Mary Stuart and Elizabeth I complicated relationship for the remainder of her life. In Paris, Elizabeth's accession to the throne was quickly deemed illegitimate on the basis of bastardy and Protestantism, many citing the Third Succession Act passed in 1543, which stated that Elizabeth had no claim to the throne. ¹¹ By 1559, tensions rose to the extremes as citizens of Paris and the Catholic church continuously pressed Mary Stuart's claim to the English throne through her connection -- her grandmother Mary Tudor. However, by July 10th, Henri II became seriously ill and passed away. Francois proceeded to take the throne, officially making Mary Stuart Queen of France. This would be short lived, as King Francois II died on the 5th of December in 1560. Nine months later, after spending thirteen years in France, Mary returned to Scotland where the political strife continued.
Queen of Scotland (1561-1567)
Image: A Family Tree Depicting the Familial Connections of Mary Stuart and Queen Elizabeth I, re-enforcing Mary's claim to the English Throne
When Mary returned to the throne in Edinburgh, Scotland, religion became an immediate issue. Scotland was torn between Catholicism and Protestantism. Even more troublesome, Mary Stuart's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was leader of the Protestants in Scotland. Mary practiced religious tolerance keeping many of the Protestants in Scotland in power. Her biggest critic for the entirety of her life would be Protestant John Knox. But she did not turn her back on her allied Catholics. Mary Stuart protected Catholics within Edinburgh and deferred ratification of the parliamentary statue of August 1560 that had abolished the
practicing of Mass. ¹² Mary Stuart practiced religious tolerance in part to avoid instability and civil war within Scotland.
Mary also had another political issue she was determined to solve -- her holding on the English throne. Soon after returning to her homeland, Mary Stuart dispatched her advisers to England in order to get Elizabeth to recognize Mary's claim to the English throne, but this attempt failed and Elizabeth called on Mary to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh, and even offered to meet in person in exchange for negotiations to the treaty. This treaty was meant to discredit Mary's claim to the English throne in exchange for military forces to be drawn out from Scotland. As these two powerful women began their correspondence, they grew quite fond of one another and the idea of meeting seemed to be on the horizon. They exchanged gifts, and verses they had written about one another. However, by the end of June in 1562, the English court began having second-thoughts on the matter of Elizabeth meeting her cousin due to "Mary's uncle, the Duke of Guise, and his retinue" having "massacred a congregation of Protestants at prayer in the village of Vassy, and civil war had erupted in France in the following months." ¹³ French Protestants were seeking alliance with England, against the Catholics led by the Guises, who were connected with Mary's mother. Elizabeth was subsequently forced to delay the meeting, leaving Mary Stuart distraught.
Finding Mary Stuart a new husband also became the center of her reign when she arrived to Scotland. Mary and Francois had produced no children, and Mary needed to find someone quickly to bear an heir to the Scottish throne. Offers of marriage came in quickly spanning from the King of Denmark, to Sweden, and even Ferdinand I who was the head of the Holy Roman Empire. ¹⁴ Mary Stuart, however, sought to find a a suitor who would uphold her right to the English succession. Mary had first set her eyes on the heir of the Spanish throne, Don Carlos. This match would not only place Mary on a more international level, but add to her status, prestige and the alliance would provide the military enforcement needed to pursue her claim to the English throne. And, most importantly, Don Carlos was Catholic. ¹⁵ Neither Phillip II nor Elizabeth found this match to be suitable, and Elizabeth subsequently declared that if Mary were to marry and align with Spain, she would be an enemy to the English Crown. Elizabeth suggested that Mary should pursue a marriage with Lord Dudley, because "the match would have the merit of cementing Anglo-Scottish amity, while Dudley himself, she believed (perhaps naively), would work in the English interest to hold in check Mary's ambitions and keep her loyal to the English queen." ¹⁶ The proposal, much to Elizabeth's dismay, was denied by Mary. In Februrary 1565, Mary encountered her future husband and cousin, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley. Lord Darnely was Tudor blood -- his mother being the daughter of Margaret Tudor -- and his father was the great-great-grandson of James II of Scotland. This match was a perfect political alliance for Mary and gave her a stronger hold to the English succession. ¹⁷ They were married on July 29, 1565.
This marriage led to Mary's Protestant half-brother, Earl of Moray, to engage in an open rebellion against the Queen of Scotland, as he found the marriage to be a threat against Protestantism in Scotland. Moray had called on Queen Elizabeth I to aid him in his rebellion against his half-sister as Mary prepared her military aid in case engagement came about. Mary Stuart had no choice but to declare her sibling as an outlaw and demand his banishment from Scotland. Meanwhile, Elizabeth could only offer Moray protection but she publicly slandered the earl for his disobedience towards Mary as Elizabeth sought to distance herself from the ongoing rebellion. ¹⁸ Mary Stuart successfully established a broad army of both Catholics and Protestant nobles to defend herself, and ultimately the rebellion was stopped. Moray was banished from Scotland and by the end of 1565, May, Queen of Scots, had reached the height of her powers and pregnant with her future heir.
During her pregnancy, Mary Stuart began to fall out with her husband, Lord Darnely. His personality was rather arrogant, and his reliance of alcohol became too great. He had also became extremely jealous of her close friendship to her private secretary, David Rizzio, and believed them to be engaged in a secret love affair. Mary Stuart also began to fall out with other men surrounding her court. They disliked her reliance on her servants for advice and resented Rizzio, who was a foreigner and deemed to rule over her advisers. Rizzio was blamed for "the sidelining of Morton (Mary's chancellor) and Matiland (her secretary of state), and was also rumored to be a papal agent encouraging the queen to overturn the Protestant settlement in Scotland." ¹⁹ The banishment of their Protestant ally, Moray, had also began to affect the relationship between Mary and her Protestant lords. Mary had also began to rely more on Catholics than she had done so before, and in February 1566, insisted that the leading nobles attend High Mass, despite their religious beliefs. This had contradicted her previous religious policies of tolerance. Mary had thus became rather isolated among court, especially her Protestant nobles, who began to plot against her. ²⁰
Lord Darnely and her Protestant nobles conspired together to have Rizzio and her other foreign friends at court to be ousted from power and murdered if necessary. Lord Darnely insisted that Rizzio be murdered in front of the pregnant Queen. In March 1566, Mary hosted a private dinner with Rizzio in attendance. This offered the opportunity Darnely and the lords were waiting for. Darnely disrupted Mary's dinner with about eighty armed men and attempted to
retrieve Rizzio. Rizzio was stabbed in his shoulder as he was hiding behind Mary Stuart. Mary, however, was helpless as she was being held with pistols against her head, and Rizzio was dragged away. He was later found with fifty-three stab wounds and the king's dagger left in his body to signal his part in the killing. ²¹ Mary feared for her own safety and left the palace, taking asylum at Dunbar Castle with her husband. She was determined to return to her home as quickly as possible with protection in order to give birth to her future child. Mary raised a substantial army and rode back into Edinburgh and moved into the stronghold of Edinburgh Castle.
Mary wished to reconcile with her lords before the birth of her child. As a result, Mary pardoned Moray and he was promptly returned to her council. However, she did not grant clemency to the murderers of Rizzio. Those who murdered Rizzio fled Scotland, and Lord Darnley insisted on his innocence to Mary. Unfortunately to Darnely, his conspirators sent Mary the bond that held Darnely's signature that authorized the assassination of Rizzio. Mary began to loath her husband, but in order to keep the legitimacy of her heir unquestioned, remained her facade as a loving wife. On June 15, 1566, Mary gave birth to her son James. James would eventually become King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England. ²²
The birth of James signaled the beginning of the open strife between Mary and her husband, Lord Darnely. She often refused to sleep and dine with him and could not trust him any longer. Lord Darnely regarded his wife with jealously, often directed to her relationships with other men and women within the palace, and he continued to scheme against her -- especially with Catholics in England. Mary began to fear that Darnely would try to seize her crown and in September of 1566, Mary learned that her husband was planning to flee the realm. For Mary, this would be seen as a public insult and a political threat to her authority. The turmoil and stress of her relationship with her husband caused Mary to become seriously ill. While on a royal progress through East Lothian and Berwickshire, Scotland, Mary collapsed at Craigmillar Castle. While residing at Craigmillar Castle, Mary's councilors plotted a way to get rid of Lord Darnely, as he was accused of being the culprit of Mary's declining health. Divorce was suggested and later discussed with Mary, who ultimately agreed as along as her son's legitimacy was not questioned. However, no plan of divorce ever arose and by January 1567 rumors began circulating about a conspiracy towards Lord Darnely's life. Fearing his life was in danger, Darnely fled to Glasgow and resided there until February 1567, when Mary insisted he return home to Edinburgh with her. Reluctantly, Darnely complied with Mary's wishes on the grounds of reconciliation between the two. Mary, however, stayed in the Holyrood castle with her son James, as Darnely was sick and recovering from illness when he returned to Edinburgh. Despite living in separate castles, Mary often visited her husband and presented herself again as a loving and devoted wife to Darnely for the next few days. ²³
A little after two o'clock in the morning on February 9th, 1567, a loud explosion came from Edinburgh castle. A few hours later, Lord Darnely's body would be found in a nearby garden with a dagger next to it, with no signs of the explosion causing injury. Though not proven, it is highly possible that Mary knew about a possible plan to kill her husband. Rumors spread that James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell was the murderer. Mary was once again a widow, however her actions after the death were controversial. Mary had done little to bring the murderers to justice and no proper investigation took place, and her failure to arrest anyone attracted unfavorable views in Scotland and throughout Europe. On top of this, Mary failed to distance herself from Lord Bothwell who was the prime suspect for the murder of her husband. Mary's popularity was quickly declining among her people. As her and Bothwell grew closer, her lords began to fall out of favor with her again. By this time, Bothwell had set his sights on Mary as his future wife, and he set out for a bond of approval for their arrangement -- without consulting Mary. After receiving the bond of approval, Bothwell met Mary on April 20, 1567, at Seton, where he showed her the bond and proposed marriage to her. Mary refused, but Bothwell continued to take action to make Mary his wife. The next day, Mary rode to Stirling to visit her son and two days later, traveled to Linlithgow before setting out to return to Edinburgh. Bothwell and a group of about eight hundred men stopped Mary on the way there and attempted to divert them to his castle in Dunbar. Mary, attempting to avoid bloodshed, reluctantly agreed and was abducted by Bothwell. What happened at Dunbar has been debated by historians for years. Mary was allegedly raped by Bothwell and forced into marriage by him, but there is no evidence to suggest the true events of her stay. She remained at Dunbar for twelve days -- willingly or not -- until the beginning of May, where Bothwell and Mary traveled back to Ediburgh with the intention of marriage. ²⁴
On May 15, 1567, a Protestant minister married Mary Stuart and Bothwell. Mary's third marriage was proving to be worse than her second with Darnely, as Bothwell was possessive and would often go into fits of rage. Their marriage faced an ongoing hostile pressure from a disapproving public opinion and the political situation in Scotland was growing extremely tense. Disaster struck exactly a month later on June 15th, when a rebel army of four thousand Scottish men surrounded the couple at Carberry Hill. An attempt at a mediation between the rebels and Mary pursued, and she was asked to leave Bothwell, who had murdered her husband, but Mary refused. The negotiations ended in terms that surrendered Bothwell and gave Mary a safe return back to Edinburgh. On her return home, she was confronted by large crowds claiming she was an adulteress and a murderer. Once in Edinburgh, Mary was sent to the small castle of Lochleven, thirty miles out of town, as a prisoner. By 24th of July, 1567, Mary Stuart was forced to abdicate her throne, allow James to succeed and name her Protestant half-brother, Earl of Moray, to rule as regent until her son was of age. ²⁵
Escape To England and Ultimate Execution (1567 - 1587)
Mary Stuart's imprisonment in Lochleven lasted until the spring of 1568, when she managed to smuggle letters out to Catherine de Medici asking for enforcements to get her out of prison. Shortly after, Mary managed a successful escape at the beginning of May 1568 with the help of two servants. Over the next several weeks, men came to Mary's aid and she formed a sizable army of about 6 thousand nobles. By May 13th, Moray -- who had discovered the rally behind Mary Stuart --- met Mary's army at Langside, a few miles out of Glasgow. There, her troops were destroyed by Moray and Mary had no choice but to continue fleeing for safety. She reached the Castle of Terregles, owned by a loyal noble. Mary made the ultimate decision to go to England and seek asylum from her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. On May 16th, Mary set sail on a small fishing vessel and crossed into England. ²⁶
Mary landed at the Cumberland port in England and immediately sent a letter to her cousin, begging for assistance. Elizabeth responded by sending a representative from the court who escorted her out to Carlisle Castle. Mary was hopeful that the Queen of England would assist her in regaining her power and reclaiming the Scottish throne. The following year during Mary's imprisonment, Elizabeth was outraged by the event that had happened and refused to recognize James VI as king of Scotland. Elizabeth's councilors, upon receiving Mary Stuart in England, continued to advocate against helping Mary Stuart and to protect the interests of Protestant England. Her councilors believed that England would be at the advantage with Moray as regent to keep Scotland a Protestant country. Elizabeth could not be seen as a Catholic sympathizer. As a result, Mary was to be kept away from the English court and detained. Mary stayed in Carlisle for six weeks, where her companions and servants joined her. She was kept under the watchful eyes of Elizabeth's lord warden of the Western March, Lord Henry Scrope. Elizabeth then moved Mary to Bolton Castle in north Yorkshire, where there would be less danger of an escape. Bolton was the most heavily fortified area and miles away from any sea and town. Her imprisonment was far more comfortable than in Scotland. Mary was provided with the finest accommodations, given permission to hunt, and expanded her entourage to nearly 140 loyal servants from Scotland. However, Mary would continue to plead with Elizabeth for years to be granted an audience with the Queen to discuss her release. ²⁷
Elizabeth would not release Mary, but agreed to offer a mediation between Mary and the Confederate Lords in Scotland. Elizabeth's plan was to meet with the lords and discuss their reasons for rebellion, and judge the accusations against Mary. If she were to be found innocent, Mary could return to Scotland. If she were guilty, Mary would remain prisoner. During the summer of 1558, Moray and Mary sent representatives to Elizabeth court. The Confederate Lords created a body of evidence against Mary -- the Book of Articles. The book contained eight incriminating letters and sonnets all supposedly written by Mary and had been meant for Bothwell. Many of them claimed to be written during Mary's marriage to Darnely, thus labeling her as an adulterer. Another letter, known as the 'Long Glasglow', suggested that Mary held a direct hand in Darnely's murder. The trial lasted between October 1558 and January 1559. In the end, Elizabeth found neither party guilty and could not accept the evidence given to her. Mary would stay in England and the Confederate Lords would be sent back to Scotland. ²⁸
Elizabeth transferred Mary Stuart to a castle even farther away from the border in Tutbury. She was then appointed new custodians, the lessees of the castle, George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, and his wife Bess of Hardwick. She arrived in February of 1569, and found these new lodgings less than suitable. These new accommodations were small, damp, and much darker than at Bolton Castle. While residing in Tutbury, Mary's health began to decline. Shrewbury, worried about her health, then requested Mary be moved to a better environment. Once again, Mary was moved to a new home, Wingfield Manor. Her health did not improve and was then transferred to live at Chatsworth in Derbyshire with Bess of Hardwick. While at Chatsworth, Mary had drastically more freedom, due to Shrewsbury's declining health, making security less strict. Mary's friends were permitted more access to her, and Mary was able to smuggle a disguised Catholic priest in and out of the house. Additionally, Mary secretly sent letters to Philip II and the Duke of Alva in the Netherlands. A romantic affair developed between Mary and the Duke of Norfolk as they corresponded through letters. Both found this match to be suitable. Mary suspected that if she were to marry Norfolk, a Protestant English noble, Elizabeth would find trust in Mary and help her regain her power in Scotland. Mary saw Norfolk as her freedom. ²⁹
Queen Elizabeth did not support the idea of a union between Norfolk and Mary Stuart. She insisted that the marriage would never happen. However, Norfolk continued to scheme, and in October of 1569, he was sent to the Tower of London, and the Earl of Huntingdon was sent to help Shrewsbury watch over Mary. In November of 1569, Elizabeth moved to the Midlands, as Catholic earls of Northumberland and Westmorland had called for an armed rising with the intention of releasing Mary and returning England to Catholicism. Mary stayed in Coventry for two months, then returned to Tutbury before returning to Chatsworth in May of 1570. Meanwhile, Elizabeth made constant attempts to negotiate with Scotland to have Mary returned home safely. Negotiations often failed, much to the Queen's dismay. By November of 1570, Chatsworth was deemed unsafe as Elizabeth heard of another plot to liberate Mary and she was moved to Sheffield Castle, where she would remain for the next fourteen years. ³⁰
Mary Stuart had not lived at Sheffield Castle long before involving herself in a serious plot. This plan had the support of her lover Norfolk, Philip II of Spain, the pope, the Bishop of Ross, and two English Noblemen -- Earl of Arundel and Lord Lumley. Roberto Ridolfi, an Italian banker in London, was the main conspirator of this plot. He sought to rescue May, capture Elziabeth, and allow for a Catholic rising in England. He wanted to put Mary on the throne and give Norfolk her hand. By the summer of 1571, Ridolfi's plan was discovered and he was arrested with Norfolk. This did immense damage to Mary's reputation, as Elizabeth published Mary's "Casket Letters" within the Book of Articles to discredit her. The following years for Mary were quite dull, and she often found herself bedridden with sickness. It was not until 1583 when Elizabeth once again attempted to negotiate for Mary's arrival. The discussions began in June and continued until 1584. Ultimately, James VI had no intention of bringing his mother home and believed her presence would destabilize his rule. In late 1584, he declared he would not sign an alliance with Elizabeth that involved his mother, and in March of 1585, sent a letter to Mary Stuart saying he would never enter into a peace treaty with her, sealing her fate as prisoner of England forever. ³¹
In January of 1585, Elizabeth ordered Mary to live in Tutbury once again due to her growing suspicions that Mary was plotting against her. The conditions at Tutbury were dismal, and her new custodian, Amyas Paulet, gave her little freedom. Her letters were intercepted and read by Paulet, who was constantly worried about Mary passing messages secretly. Towards the end of 1585, Mary was moved to Chartley Hall on Christmas Eve. Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's trusted adviser, had set up a system of spies, including Paulet, to keep track of Mary Stuart and keep the Queen Elizabeth's saftey in check. ³²
In May and June of 1586, Anthony Babington, a young Catholic, began conspiarory with John Ballard to seize Queen Elizabeth and free Mary. Thirteen conspirators had been recruited to help Babington in his mission. Babington wrote to Mary on July 6th, and Gifford -- her postman and double agent helping Walsingham, intercepted the letter and alerted Walsingham of the conspiracy. He then set up a plot to entrap Mary. He waited for her reply to the conspiracy. On July 17th, Mary sent out her letter, consenting to Elizabeth's assassination. After recieving the evidence Walsingham was searching for, Mary was sent to Fotheringhay in September of 1586. The trial began and she was tried by the commission of approximately twenty-four nobles and privy councilors. Mary denied the allegations against her and claimed her innocence. Unknowingly to her, Babington had pleaded guilty to the plot, destroying her case of pleading not guilty. By December 4th, the guilty sentence was declared. Elizabeth, however, was still reluctant to sentence her to death. She was afraid that killing a Queen would discredit her, and destroy relations with Scotland. On February 1st, 1587, due to immense pressure from the English council, Elizabeth signed the execution of her cousin.³³
In the final hours of her life, Mary Stuart discovered a new role. She would become a martyr for her Catholic faith. She claimed, "I am quite ready and very happy to die, and to shed my blood for the Almighty God, my savior and my creator, and for the Catholic Church, and to maintain its rights in this country." Mary Stuart was executed on February 8th, 1587. ³⁴
Endnotes
¹ John Guy. Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company,2004),14 - 15
² Susan Doran. Mary Queen of Scots: An Illustrated Life. (London: The British Library, 2007), 15
³ Doran, Mary Queen of Scots,15
⁴ Guy, Queen of Scots, 20- 21
⁵ Ibid, 24
⁶ Doran, Mary Queen of Scots, 23
⁷ Ibid, 28
⁸ Guy, Queen of Scots, 50-51
⁹ Doran, Mary Queen of Scots,34 - 35
¹⁰ Guy,Queen of Scots,86-87
¹¹ Ibid, 92
¹² Doran, Mary Queen of Scots, 65-66
¹³ Ibid, 69-70
¹⁴ Guy,Queen of Scots,116-117
¹⁵ Doran, Mary Queen of Scots, 74-75
¹⁶ Ibid, 75
¹⁷ Ibid, 79
¹⁸ Ibid, 90-91'
¹⁹ Ibid, 91
²⁰ ibid, 94-95
²¹ Ibid, 95
²² Ibid, 98-99
²³ Ibid, 103-107
²⁴ Ibid, 109-113
²⁵ Ibid, 115-120
²⁶ Ibid, 122-123
²⁷ Ibid, 126-127
²⁸ Ibid,130-138
²⁹ Ibid,139-142
³⁰ Ibid,143-146
³¹ Ibid,147-160
³² Ibid,160-164
³³ Guy, Queen of Scots, 466-482
³⁴ Ibid, 483-487